Borrow from an IRA - Is it Possible?
Can I Borrow from an IRA?
The short answer is still no, you cannot truly borrow money from any type of IRA. This includes:
- Traditional IRA
- Roth IRA
- SEP IRA
- SIMPLE IRA
IRAs don’t allow formal loans the way a 401(k) does. However, there is one limited exception people often confuse with borrowing: the 60-day rollover rule.
The 60-Day Rollover “Workaround” (Not a Loan, But Functions Like a Short-Term One)
You are allowed to withdraw money from your IRA and put it back within 60 days without taxes or penalties. This is sometimes used as a short-term, interest-free “bridge,” but it’s important to understand the limitations:
- You can only do one 60-day rollover per 12-month period, across all your IRAs (not one per account).
- If you miss the 60-day deadline, the entire amount becomes a taxable distribution, and if you’re under 59½, it's also subject to the 10% early withdrawal penalty.
- This is not a loan and not something the IRS encourages as a borrowing strategy.
So while IRAs don't allow loans, the 60-day rollover technically gives you a narrow window to access your funds — but with strict rules and significant risk if mishandled.
or watch the video explanation here
Borrowing from a 401(k) Instead
If you have a 401(k) plan, many offer formal participant loans, which is one of the key advantages of 401(k)s compared to IRAs.ble. In fact, the ability to borrow from a 401(k) is one of its main advantages compared to an IRA.
Solo 401(k) Loan
Under Internal Revenue Code Section 72(p), a Solo 401(k) participant can take a loan from their 401(k) plan, as long as the plan documents permit it.
To be eligible for a Solo 401(k), you must run a business with no full-time employees other than yourself, a business partner, or a spouse.
If you already have access to a 401(k) plan through your employer that allows loans, taking a 401(k) loan can be a tax-efficient way to access funds.
Key details of a Solo 401(k) loan:
- You can borrow up to $50,000 or 50% of your account balance, whichever is less.
- Loans must be repaid over an amortization schedule of five years or less, with payments at least quarterly.
- The minimum interest rate is typically the prime rate, as published by the Wall Street Journal.
Using IRA Funds is a Distribution
If you need to access IRA funds for personal expenses—like paying off debt, covering tuition, or a home purchase—taking money from an IRA is considered a distribution.
Distributions can have tax implications and may reduce the future growth potential of your retirement savings.
Two Options Before Taking a Distribution from a Self-Directed IRA
1. Understand Tax & Penalties
Traditional IRA:
- Withdrawals before age 59½ are generally subject to ordinary income tax plus a 10% early withdrawal penalty.
- After age 59½, ordinary income tax may still apply, but the 10% penalty does not.
Roth IRA:
- Contributions can always be withdrawn tax- and penalty-free.
- Earnings are subject to ordinary income tax and a 10% penalty if withdrawn before age 59½ and before the Roth IRA has been open for at least five years.
- Qualified distributions (after 59½ and at least five years of funding) are tax-free.
2. Explore Alternatives
Instead of taking a fully taxable IRA distribution, you may have more tax-efficient options:
- 401(k) Loan – If your 401(k) allows loans, you may borrow up to $50,000 or 50% of your account balance, whichever is less, without triggering taxes or penalties.
- Substantially Equal Periodic Payments (SEPP/72(t)) – You can take distributions as part of a series of substantially equal payments over your life expectancy. Taxes may apply, but the 10% early withdrawal penalty is avoided.
- Hardship Distributions – For IRAs, withdrawals due to immediate and heavy financial need or other qualifying circumstances may be allowed under IRC Section 72(t), including:
- Unreimbursed medical expenses exceeding 7.5% of your AGI
- Qualified higher education expenses
- Health insurance premiums after job loss
- First-Time Home Purchase – You can withdraw up to $10,000 per IRA account for a first-time home purchase without incurring the 10% early distribution penalty.
Key Takeaways
- You cannot borrow from an IRA, but 401(k) loans are a viable alternative if available.
- Taking a distribution from an IRA may have tax and penalty consequences, so it should generally be a last resort.
- Consider all options, such as 401(k) loans, SEPP, or hardship distributions, before reducing your retirement savings.
Need Guidance?
For questions about IRA rules or Solo 401(k) loans, schedule a free consultation with a member of our new accounts team to get all your questions answered.
Benefits of Rolling Over a Defined Benefit Plan to a Self-Directed IRA
Rolling Over a Defined Benefit Plan is an increasingly attractive strategy for retirement investors seeking more control over their assets. The main reason investors turn to a Self-Directed IRA is simple: they want access to a wider range of investment opportunities and greater diversification. For defined benefit and cash balance plan owners, this flexibility is especially valuable, as it allows them to diversify the substantial wealth accumulated within their pension plan. Once the plan has reached its permitted benefit limits, transitioning those funds into a Self-Directed IRA can offer a powerful
- Defined Benefit plans allow for guaranteed income at retirement.
- A Self-Directed IRA offers access to alternative investments and greater diversification.
- Once the defined benefit plan has delivered its allowed benefits, it is often time to consider a rollover.
What is a Self-Directed IRA?
A Self-Directed IRA is an IRA that allows you to invest in non-traditional or alternative assets. This can include real estate, private placements, metals, notes, and more. In general, a Self-Directed IRA can invest in almost any asset except:
- Collectibles
- Life insurance
- Any investment that directly or indirectly benefits a disqualified person, such as the IRA owner, their lineal descendants, or any entity they control
The tax advantage is what makes the structure so powerful. All income and gains flow back to the IRA without current tax. In the case of a Roth IRA, the growth can be tax free.
Read More: Self-Directed IRA Prohibited Transaction Rules
Self-Directed IRA Rollover
One of the most common ways to fund a Self-Directed IRA is through a contribution, transfer, or rollover. The IRS allows you to move money or property from another eligible retirement account into a Self-Directed IRA without tax or penalty. This includes IRAs, defined contribution plans such as 401(k)s, and defined benefit or cash balance plans. Rollovers remain the most popular method for funding IRAs. Recent data shows that retirement savers rolled roughly $747 billion into IRAs in 2023, and that number increased to about $807 billion in 2024, highlighting the continued strength of rollover activity.
Under IRS rules, pre-tax defined contribution or defined benefit plan assets can be rolled into a pre-tax IRA tax free, and Roth plan assets can be rolled into a Roth IRA tax free as well.
Defined Contribution Plans
The most common type of defined contribution plan is the 401(k). A 403(b) or 457(b) plan also falls under this category. These plans do not guarantee retirement benefits. They are funded mainly by employee contributions, with optional employer matching.
In most cases, a participant cannot roll funds from a defined contribution plan into an IRA unless a plan triggering event has occurred. Triggering events generally include reaching age 59 and a half, leaving the employer, or the plan being terminated. Without one of these triggering events or a specific exception such as hardship, a rollover usually cannot occur.
Defined Benefit/Cash Balance Plan
A defined benefit or cash balance plan guarantees a specific retirement benefit funded entirely by the employer. Cash balance plans have become the most popular version of defined benefit plans.
The main advantage of these plans is the ability for a business owner to contribute much larger amounts each year on a tax deductible basis. Over time, the plan can generate significant tax deferred wealth.
A defined benefit or cash balance plan is required to be permanent. The IRS has not issued specific guidance on how long the plan must remain open to satisfy the permanency requirement, but most tax professionals recommend keeping the plan open at least three to five years. Rolling over the plan before that period may risk violating the permanency rule. It is essential to work closely with the plan administrator or actuary before making any rollover decisions.
Investment Decisions
Most defined benefit and cash balance plans follow a conservative investment strategy. This is because the plan must maintain steady, predictable returns to meet the promised benefit amount. Actuaries commonly use a four percent interest rate assumption when calculating required contributions under IRS guidelines. A conservative projection gives the business owner more flexibility and reduces the risk of a funding shortfall during down markets.
For this reason, most financial advisors recommend keeping plan investments within an annual return range of roughly four to six percent. The goal is to avoid underperformance that would force the business owner to make additional contributions.
Rolling Over a Defined Benefit Plan
Once the plan has generated all its permitted benefits and has been open long enough to satisfy the permanency requirement, many business owners choose to roll the funds into a Self-Directed IRA. The rollover is tax free and the process is straightforward.
Here is the typical sequence:
- Establish a Self-Directed IRA with a qualified custodian such as IRA Financial.
- Confirm with your pension plan administrator that the plan funds are eligible for rollover.
- Ensure that the plan assets you intend to roll over are held in cash.
- Complete the rollover into the Self-Directed IRA.
- Once funded, you can begin making IRS approved alternative investments.
- All income and gains go back to the IRA without tax.
Conclusion
A defined benefit or cash balance plan remains one of the most powerful and underrated retirement plans available to small business owners. These plans allow high annual tax deductible contributions and can produce substantial long term, tax deferred retirement wealth.
Because defined benefit plans often accumulate large balances, many business owners eventually choose to roll those assets into a Self-Directed IRA. This provides more control over investment decisions and access to a wider range of asset classes, including real estate and other alternatives.
Before initiating a rollover, it is important to confirm that the plan has been in existence long enough and is fully funded under the plan guidelines. Once eligible, a rollover into a Self-Directed IRA is tax free, penalty free, and can open the door to greater diversification and long term growth opportunities.
If you want to learn more about self-directed options for your defined benefit or cash balance plan, you can speak with a self-directed retirement specialist at 800.472.1043.
Can You Perform a Backdoor Roth Every Year?
The “Backdoor Roth IRA” is a popular Roth conversion strategy that allows high-income earners to make Roth IRA contributions. Can you perform a Backdoor Roth every year? The strategy can technically be done every year, pending potential rule changes enforced by the IRS. This would allow high-income earners the ability to maximize contributions annually and get those funds into a after-tax Roth.
Key Takeaways
- Why is the Backdoor Roth a popular strategy among high-income earners?
- Can you perform a Backdoor Roth IRA every year?
- Why is a Roth IRA the best legal way to amass tax-free savings?
What Is a Backdoor Roth IRA?
The Backdoor Roth IRA is a strategy that allows high-income earners to contribute to a Roth IRA despite income limits. This approach involves contributing to a traditional IRA with after-tax dollars and then converting those funds to a Roth IRA. The contribution to the traditional IRA is made with after-tax dollars, avoiding extra taxes during the conversion. Once in the Roth IRA, investments grow tax free, and withdrawals in retirement are also tax free (as long as rules are followed). The Backdoor Roth IRA bypasses income limits by using a pretax IRA contribution.
History of the Backdoor Roth IRA Strategy
Beginning January 1, 2010, thanks to the changes resulting from the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act (TIPRA), anyone can convert a pretax IRA to a Roth no matter their income level. Before that, anyone who had income above $100,000 was not allowed to do a Roth IRA conversion of pretax funds.
This prevented one from making an after-tax IRA contribution and then converting it to Roth. As a result of the 2008 financial crisis, tax revenue was significantly reduced. One way to increase tax revenue was to encourage IRA holders to convert their pretax IRAs to Roth since the converted amount is subject to ordinary income tax. Due to the passing of TIPRA, the Backdoor Roth IRA was created.
Roth IRA Rules for 2026
In 2026, the maximum Roth IRA contribution limit is $7,500 or $8,600 if at least age 50.
Understanding the Backdoor Roth IRA rules is critical to avoid penalties and ensure a smooth conversion process. For high-income individuals, contributing funds to a Roth IRA is only possible through the Backdoor Roth. This is because the IRS rules impose income limitations on Roth contributions but no longer include income limitations on Roth IRA conversions. If one is single and earns more than $168,000 or is married and files jointly and earns more than $252,000, one is not permitted to make direct Roth IRA contributions.
However, under the Backdoor Roth IRA strategy, one who earns more than the Roth income limitations can make an after-tax IRA contribution and then immediately convert the funds to Roth. Best of all, no taxes will be due.
How the Backdoor Roth IRA Works
After-tax contributions are contributions made to a traditional IRA that are not treated as tax deductible (no upfront tax break). However, income and gains on those contributions would be subject to tax. This is why making traditional, after-tax contributions other than for the purpose of a Backdoor Roth, makes little tax sense.
Essentially, you lose the tax advantage of the IRA since both contributions and distributions would be taxable. However, for high income earners, making an after-tax contribution is necessary in order to take advantage of the Backdoor Roth IRA strategy.
Learn More: Backdoor Roth vs Roth Conversion
How to Perform a Backdoor Roth IRA
Performing a Backdoor Roth IRA involves a four-step process:
- Open a traditional IRA: Choose a custodian, such as IRA Financial, to open a new traditional IRA. Select a custodian that allows for easy conversion to a Roth IRA.
- Make an after-tax, nondeductible contribution to the traditional IRA: The maximum annual contribution limit for a traditional IRA is $7,500 (or $8,600 if you’re 50 years old or older). Contributions are limited to earned income. If you have little or no earned income, you may be able to boost your IRA contribution based on your spouse’s earned income.
- Immediately, and before you invest your cash contribution, convert the traditional IRA to a Roth IRA: You’ll owe income tax on any earnings accrued before the traditional IRA funds are converted to Roth. Most IRA contributions initially land in an interest-bearing cash account. Delaying the final step can lead to a tax bill and unnecessary headache.
- Fill out Form 8606, Nondeductible IRAs, when filing your taxes for the year: Form 8606 is used to let the IRS know that your traditional IRA contribution was nondeductible. The IRS will assume a taxable traditional-to-Roth conversion if Form 8606 is not filed.
Book a free call with a self-directed retirement specialist
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Can You Perform a Backdoor Roth IRA Every Year?
Yes! Because there are no income limits on conversions, you can perform a Backdoor Roth IRA every year as long as follow these "rules":
- You have earned income at least equal to your contribution.
- You don’t exceed the IRA contribution limit ($7,500 or $8,600 if age 50+ for 2026).
- You watch out for the pro-rata rule (see below).
You can perform a Backdoor Roth IRA annually, and many high-income earners use this strategy every year to get around the income limits that normally restrict direct Roth contributions. To avoid unintended tax consequences, some investors "zero out" these accounts or roll pretax IRA assets into an employer-sponsored plan like a 401(k) before performing the Backdoor Roth. As long as you follow the rules carefully and report everything properly, you can repeat the Backdoor Roth process each year.
The "Pro Rata Rule"
As we just touched on, when you immediately convert after-tax funds to Roth, there is generally no tax due on the conversion. This is because you are not subject to double taxation in an IRA. The conversion should be done immediately so that there are no gains in the traditional plan; gains would be taxable. For example, if you contribute $5,000 after-tax to an IRA, and your investments generate $500 of income before you convert, that $500 in gains would be subject to tax.
The pro rata rules are most important when you already have pretax contributions in your IRA funds. Those need to be considered when you wish to perform a conversion because you cannot choose which funds get converted; all funds are considered, as per the IRS. So, if you have $50,000 in pretax IRA funds, and contribute $5,000 in after-tax funds to the IRA. Now you have $55,000 in a traditional IRA, over 90% of it is pretax. Therefore, when you perform a conversion, 90% of the converted amount would be taxable.
Here are a couple of examples of how the Backdoor Roth IRA solution works:
Example 1: Erin is married, and she and her husband have income over $250,000 for 2026. She could not make a Roth IRA contribution because her income is too high. Erin can make a traditional IRA contribution and not take a tax deduction (after-tax contribution) and can then immediately convert the after-tax funds to Roth. Let’s assume she has no other IRA funds, there would be no tax on the conversion from after-tax to Roth.
Example 2: Same facts as Example 1, but assume further that Erin wishes to make a Backdoor Roth IRA contribution of $5,000 in 2026 but had a traditional IRA worth $5,000 she started in 2018. Under the pro-rata conversion rule, half of the amount converted would be taxable since she has 50% pretax and 50% after-tax IRA funds.
Is a Backdoor Roth IRA Worth It?
A Backdoor Roth IRA may be worth it for high-income earners who want to contribute to a Roth IRA despite income limits. However, it’s essential to consider the following factors:
Tax implications: You may need to pay taxes on the converted amount, which could impact your tax bracket.
Pro rata rule: The IRS applies the pro rata rule to the total IRA balance at year-end, not at the time of conversion. This means that you can’t choose to convert only after-tax money; the IRS will look at all traditional IRAs combined.
Roth IRA conversions: You may need to pay taxes on the converted amount, which, again, could impact your tax bracket.
- Tax implications: You may need to pay taxes on the converted amount, which could impact your tax bracket.
- Pro rata rule: The IRS applies the pro rata rule to the total IRA balance at year-end, not at the time of conversion. This means that you can’t choose to convert only after-tax money; the IRS will look at all traditional IRAs combined.
- Roth IRA conversions: You may need to pay taxes on the converted amount, which, again, could impact your tax bracket.
- Direct Roth IRA contributions: If at any point, you’re eligible for direct Roth IRA contributions, it is a better option than using the Backdoor Roth IRA strategy.
Ultimately, a Backdoor Roth IRA is worth it if you’re willing to navigate the complexities and potential tax implications. It’s essential to consult with a tax advisor or financial professional to determine if this strategy is right for you.
Roth IRA Advantage
The primary advantage of having a Roth IRA is the potential for tax-free growth, where all income and gains can be distributed without tax. In order to do so, they must be qualified distributions. You must satisfy two conditions: you must be at least age 59 1/2, and any Roth must have been open for at least five years. Once satisfied, you will never pay income tax or capital gains on a Roth withdrawal.
Further, contributions made to a Roth (assuming you are under the income thresholds) can be withdrawn at any time without tax or penalty. This is a great way to start an emergency fund. Use those contributions as needed, but remember not to touch earnings since those will be taxed and penalized until they are qualified.
In addition, the Roth IRA is not subject to required minimum distributions (RMDs). You can grow the account unhindered for as long as you want. This is a great estate planning tool if you won’t need that money during retirement.
Summary
The Backdoor Roth IRA is a strategy that allows high-income earners to contribute to a Roth IRA despite exceeding the IRS income limits for direct contributions. It involves making a non-deductible contribution to a traditional IRA and then converting that amount to a Roth IRA, typically shortly after, to minimize any taxable gains. This strategy can be used every year, as there are no income limits on Roth conversions and the annual IRA contribution limits apply regardless of income.
However, individuals must be cautious of the pro-rata rule, which can cause part of the conversion to be taxable if they have existing pretax IRA balances. To avoid this, many roll pretax IRA funds into a 401(k) before executing the Backdoor Roth. For those with minimal or no existing Traditional IRA funds, the Backdoor Roth can be an effective way to build long-term, tax-free retirement savings on an annual basis.
Make the Backdoor Roth Strategy Work for You
If you’re considering the backdoor Roth IRA approach, doing it right every year matters. From understanding income limits and timing conversions to mastering the pro-rata rule and filing Form 8606, the devil is in the details. Let our retirement experts guide you through the process—so your high-income years don’t limit your tax-free retirement growth.
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Can I Have Multiple Solo 401(k) Plans?
A Solo 401(k) plan is an IRS-approved retirement plan, which is designed for self-employed and small business owners without full-time employees, and is one of the most flexible retirement accounts available. It has become the most popular retirement plan for the self-employed, largely because one can contribute as much as $72,000 in 2026 ($77,500 if at least age 50), borrow up to $50,000 tax free, as well as gain the ability to make alternative investments as the trustee.
Key Takeaways
- Are you allowed to have two or more Solo 401(k) plans?
- Yes, you technically can have multiple Solo 401(k) plans, but certain rules and conditions apply.
- Is there any advantage to having multiple Solo 401(k) plans due to the controlled group rules?
- Generally, no. The IRS-controlled group rules limit the benefits of having multiple plans for businesses in the same group.
- Does it make sense to have multiple 401(k) plans if you have both a workplace retirement plan and self-employment income?
- Yes, it can make sense. You can contribute to both a workplace 401(k) and a Solo 401(k) for self-employment income, maximizing your retirement savings.
This is why some business owners inquire about establishing multiple Solo 401(k) plans. This article will explore the significant advantages of the plan and then explain why the IRS controlled group rules limit most business owners from establishing more than one Solo 401(k) plan. A Solo 401(k) plan is an IRS-approved retirement plan, which is designed for self-employed and small business owners without full-time employees. It has become the most popular retirement plan for the self-employed, largely because one can contribute as much as $72,000 ($80,000 if at least age 50), borrow up to $50,000 tax-free, as well as gain the ability to make alternative investments as the trustee. This is the reason some business owners inquire about establishing multiple Solo 401(k) plans. This article will explore the major advantages of the plan and then explain why the IRS-controlled group rules limit most business owners from establishing more than one Solo 401(k) plan.
What is a Solo 401(k) Plan?
A Solo 401(k) plan, also known as a One-Participant 401(k) or Individual 401(k) plan, is a specialized retirement plan designed for self-employed individuals and small business owners with no employees. This type of retirement account offers higher contribution limits and significant tax advantages compared to traditional IRAs, making it an attractive option for those looking to maximize their retirement savings and reduce their income taxes.
With a Solo 401(k), small business owners can take advantage of both employee and employer contributions, allowing for substantial annual contributions and greater flexibility in retirement planning.
Eligibility Requirements
To be eligible for a Solo 401(k) plan, you must be a self-employed individual or a small business owner with no full-time employees, excluding another owner or spouse. Eligibility hinges on having business income, which can be verified through tax records. This makes Solo 401(k) plans ideal for sole proprietors, freelancers, and independent contractors who want to take control of their retirement savings. The plan’s flexibility and high contribution limits make it a powerful tool for business owners looking to build a robust retirement nest egg.
The Solo 401(k) Advantages
Any business owner who is self-employed and does not have any employees that work more than 1,000 hours, excluding a spouse or other partner, can set up a Solo 401(k) plan, which offers high annual contribution limits. Here are the chief reasons the Solo 401(k) plan has become the most popular retirement plan for the self-employed:
High Contributions with Higher Contribution Limits
For 2026, the maximum one can contribute to an IRA is $7,500 (with a $1,100 additional “catch up” contribution for those age 50+). On the other hand, the Solo 401(k) annual contribution limit is $72,000 with an additional $8,000 catch-up contribution. In addition, if your spouse generates compensation from the business, he or she can also make contributions to the plan.
Based on the contribution rules, a plan participant can make a maximum employee deferral contribution of $24,500. That amount can be made in pretax or Roth. On the profit-sharing side, the business can make a 25% (20% in the case of a sole proprietorship or single member LLC) contribution up to that combined maximum, including the employee deferral, of $72,000.
If you are at least age 50, you can make that additional catch-up contribution of $8,000 as the employee, for a total of $32,500. Added to the profit sharing, you may contribute up to $80,000 for 2026.
The 401(k) Loan Feature
You are not allowed to borrow any money from an IRA. It's prohibited! However, if your plan documents allow for it, you can borrow up to $50,000, or one-half of your account balance (whichever is less) from your 401(k) plan. The loan can be used for any purpose and is tax- and penalty-free. Interest rates are much lower than a traditional bank loan (usually the Prime Rate plus one percent), and that interest is paid back into the plan.
Related: Solo 401(k) & SEP IRA - Can You Have Both?
Self-Directed Investment Options
When you self-direct your Solo 401(k) plan, you can invest in almost anything you want. You’re only limited by the IRS prohibited transaction rules, which include collectibles and transactions involving a disqualified person. You can invest in any kind of real estate, both foreign and domestic, residential and commercial, precious metals & coins, private businesses, tax liens, cryptos, investment funds, and so much more.
A growing number of business owners are attracted to the Solo 401(k) plan to gain the ability to invest in alternative investments and better diversify their retirement portfolio.
Related: How to Contribute to a Solo 401(k)
Use Leverage to Buy Real Estate
If you are interested in holding real estate in your retirement plan, the Solo 401(k) is the best option because it is exempt from Unrelated Debt-Financed Income (UDFI), a type of Unrelated Business Income Tax (UBTI). It is a type of tax assessed when using leverage to make a real estate investment.
However, that only applies to IRAs. The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) exempts this form of UBTI tax from 401(k) plans. Therefore, you can use leverage to purchase a real estate property with 401(k) funds and not be subjected to an additional tax. This allows your retirement funds to grow unhindered.
Mega Backdoor Roth Strategy
The Mega Backdoor Roth 401(k) is a strategy that allows high earners to contribute significantly more to a Roth account than the usual limits. It involves making after-tax contributions to a 401(k) plan, beyond the standard pretax or Roth limits, up to the total annual contribution limit ($72,000 in 2026 including employer contributions). This is significantly more than an IRA.
These after-tax funds are then immediately converted either to a Roth 401(k) within the plan or rolled over to a Roth IRA. Once converted, the money grows tax free and can also be withdrawn tax free in retirement. This strategy only works if the 401(k) plan allows both after-tax contributions and in-plan conversions or in-service rollovers, which IRA Financial plans allow for.
Own Two Businesses and Want Multiple Solo 401(k) Plans?
Because of the enormous benefits of establishing a Solo 401(k) plan, and the lack of income restrictions, the question often arises if a business owner with two or more businesses can establish two or more Solo 401(k) plans. The answer is…maybe?
The IRC established its Controlled Groups Provisions as part of the Revenue Act of 1964. A control group relationship exists if the businesses have one of the following relationships:
- Parent-subsidiary,
- Brother-sister,
- Combination of the above
- Affiliated Service
Parent-Subsidiary
A parent-subsidiary controlled group exists when one or more chains of corporations are connected through stock ownership with a common parent corporation; and 80 percent of the stock of each corporation, (except the common parent) is owned by one or more corporations in the group; and Parent Corporation must own 80 percent of at least one other corporation.
For example, John owns 100% of Corporation A, which owns 90% of Corporation B = controlled group rules will apply. This means that the IRS will treat Company A and Company B as one corporation for purposes of the 401(k) plan. In other words, Company A and Company B employees would be eligible to be part of any 401(k) plan established by either company.
Brother-Sister
A brother-sister controlled group is a group of two or more corporations, in which five or fewer common owners (a common owner must be an individual, a trust, or an estate) own directly or indirectly a controlling interest of each group and have “effective control.”
- Controlling interest – 1.414(c)-2(b)(2) – generally means 80 percent or more of the stock of each corporation (but only if such common owner own stock in each corporation); and
- Effective control – 1.414(c)-2(c)(2) – generally more than 50 percent of the stock of each corporation, but only to the extent such stock ownership is identical with respect to such corporation
Affiliated Service
IRC Section 414(m) was enacted to expand the idea of control to separate, but affiliated, entities. Proposed Treas. Reg. § 1.414(m) provides that all employees of the members of an affiliated service group shall be treated as if they were employed by a single employer. The affiliated service rules are very broad and complex and essentially group together a set of somewhat interconnected companies.
Hence, if a business owner has two or more businesses that will be deemed parent-subsidiary, brother-sister, or treated as affiliated, the controlled group rules would apply and treat all companies as one for purposes of 401(k) eligibility. In other words, all eligible employees of these businesses would need to be offered plan benefits. While having two or more plans would be okay, it would not offer any additional benefit.
Double Dipping 401(k) Contributions
The primary reason a business owner would want to establish two plans is to be able to make excess 401(k) plan contributions, while managing self employment tax implications. The issue is that IRC Section 402(g) limits the employee deferral amount per individual, not per plan. This means even if one were able to establish two or more plans, once the individual reached the maximum 402(g) limit, no additional employee deferral contributions would be allowed.
However, in the case of the employer profit sharing contribution, that amount is per plan, which could make having multiple plans advantageous. The problem is that the IRS controlled group rules, as explained above, would limit a business owner’s ability to have two businesses treated as unrelated, for purposes of 401(k) contributions. Although, it is possible.
Generally, this would occur when one has a “regular” job at a business, plus additional self-employment income on the side. In that instance, you can contribute to your full-time 401(k) plan as the employee, and then use a Solo 401(k) for your side job. You could make profit sharing contributions to that plan, plus top off your elective deferral if you did not max it out with the regular 401(k) plan.
Example 1: Jen is an executive of a software business and participates in the businesses 401(k) plan. Jen maxes out her employee deferrals contributions to the 401(k) plan. Jen does not own any of the software business she works for. However, on her free time, Jen does software consulting and earned $60,000 through a single member LLC and elected to establish a Solo 401(k) for the consulting business.
Because Jen does not own any interest in the software business, she can still make a profit-sharing contribution of 20% of the $60,000 she earned through her consulting LLC, or $12,000, to her Solo 401(k). This contribution is in addition to the $23,500 employee deferrals she makes to her employer’s 401(k) plan in 2025. If Jen contributed only $10,000 to the software company’s 401(k), she would be permitted to contribute the remaining $13,500 in employee deferrals to her Solo 401(k) in 2025 ($23,500 − $10,000) plus the $12,000 profit-sharing contribution from her consulting income. For 2026, the employee deferral limit rises to $24,500, so if she again contributed only $10,000 at her employer, she could contribute up to $14,500 in employee deferrals to her Solo 401(k) plus the $12,000 employer profit-sharing contribution.
Example 2: Ellen is self-employed and owns two businesses with no employees. One business does consulting and the other business is a service business. Ellen set up a Solo 401(k) for her consulting business and maxed out her contributions. She then wants to set up another Solo 401(k) for her service business. Because Ellen owns more than 80% of both businesses, the businesses are considered part of a controlled group and treated as one business for purposes of making 401(k) contributions. Ellen would not be able to make additional 401(k) contributions to the service business.
Conclusion
While having two or more Solo 401(k) plans is technically possible under certain circumstances, it is important to understand the reach of the IRS controlled group rules. Accordingly, because of the controlled group rules, it is difficult to open multiple Solo 401(k) plans for separate businesses if they are part of a controlled group. In many instances, establishing multiple plans is possible and actually very tax advantageous.
For example, if you work both a regular job and have a self-employed income, you can take advantage of multiple 401(k) plans and maximize your annual 401(k) contributions. The one benefit of the controlled group rules is that you can combine multiple business incomes to reach the maximum contribution faster. Additionally, your 401(k) contributions may not affect any IRAs you may have; you can still generally contribute the maximum allowed to your IRA. Consulting a financial advisor can help you navigate these options effectively.
Maximize Your Retirement Savings with a Solo 401(k)
A Solo 401(k) offers high contribution limits, loan options, and the ability to invest in alternative assets—ideal for self-employed individuals and small business owners. Learn how a Solo 401(k) can help you build wealth and secure your financial future.
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Beyond the SEP IRA: A High-Earner's Guide to the Solo 401(k) in 2026
As a successful self-employed professional, you've mastered your craft. Whether you're an IT consultant, a marketing guru, or a freelance designer, your expertise commands a high income. But with that success comes a growing and frustrating problem: a significant annual tax bill that eats directly into your hard-earned revenue. You've likely been diligent, contributing to a SEP IRA, which is a great starting point. But as your income grows, you're hitting a ceiling, feeling that your retirement plan isn't working as hard as you are.
If you're looking for a way to dramatically reduce your taxable income while supercharging your retirement savings, it's time to look beyond the SEP IRA. For high-earning solopreneurs, the Solo 401(k) is not just an alternative; it's a strategic upgrade. This plan is specifically designed for self-employed individuals and their spouses, offering unparalleled contribution power, tax flexibility, and features that a SEP IRA simply can't match.
Key Takeaways
- Solo 401(k)s allow higher contributions at lower income levels than SEP IRAs, thanks to both employee and employer contributions.
- Roth contributions and loan access make the Solo 401(k) more flexible and powerful than a SEP IRA.
- Slightly more admin, but full-service providers handle the details, making the Solo 401(k) easy to manage.
The Contribution Power Gap: Why the Solo 401(k) Outperforms the SEP IRA
The fundamental advantage of the Solo 401(k) lies in its unique contribution structure. As the business owner, you can contribute as both the "employee" and the "employer." A SEP IRA only allows for employer contributions. This dual-role contribution is what creates a massive gap in how much you can save each year, especially at higher income levels.
Let's break it down with 2026 IRS limits:
- As the employee, you can contribute up to 100% of your compensation, maxing out at $24,500 (or $32,500 if you are age 50 or older).
- As the employer, you can contribute an additional 25% of your compensation.
The total combined contributions cannot exceed $72,000 for 2026 (or $80,000 if age 50 or older). A SEP IRA's limit is also $72,000, but because it only allows for the 25% employer contribution, you need a much higher income to reach that maximum. Note: Starting in 2025, there is an extra bump for those between the ages of 60 and 63 that brings the total catch-up amount to $11,250. That number has stayed the same for 2026, resulting in a total limit of $83,250.
Consider a 45-year-old consultant with $150,000 in net adjusted self-employment income:
- With a SEP IRA: The maximum contribution is 25% of compensation, totaling $37,500.
- With a Solo 401(k): He or she can contribute $24,500 as the employee PLUS $37,500 as the employer, for a total of $62,000.
That's an extra $24,500 in tax-deferred savings in a single year, directly lowering your adjusted gross income and your tax bill.
Solo 401(k) vs. SEP IRA: 2026 Head-to-Head Comparison
For a clear, at-a-glance view, this table breaks down the key differences that matter most to a high-earning business owner.
| Feature | Solo 401(k) | SEP IRA |
|---|---|---|
| Eligibility | Self-employed individuals with no full-time employees (spouse can participate). | Any size business, including self-employed individuals. |
| Contribution Structure | Employee + Employer contributions. | Employer-only contributions. |
| 2026 Max Contribution (Under 50) | $72,000 (combined employee/employer). | $72,000 (or 25% of compensation, whichever is less). |
| Catch-Up Contribution (Age 50+) | Yes, an additional $8,000 as an employee contribution. | No. |
| Roth Contribution Option | Yes, for employee contributions, allowing for tax-free growth and withdrawals. | Generally no. The SECURE 2.0 Act introduced a Roth option for SEPs, but it is not yet widely available with most providers. |
| Participant Loan Availability | Yes, borrow up to $50,000 or 50% of the account value. | No, loans are not permitted from any IRA. |
| Administrative Complexity | Slightly more complex. Requires annual Form 5500-EZ filing once assets exceed $250,000. | Very simple, generally no annual filing requirements. |
Unlocking Tax-Free Growth with the Roth Solo 401(k)
One of the most forward-thinking features of the Solo 401(k), and a clear differentiator from the SEP IRA, is the ability to make Roth contributions. This gives high-earning solopreneurs access to a powerful long-term strategy: tax-free growth and tax-free withdrawals in retirement.
Here’s how it works: when you contribute to the Roth side of a Solo 401(k), you’re using after-tax dollars for your employee portion (up to $24,500 in 2026, or $32,500 if you’re age 50+). Unlike traditional pretax contributions, you don’t get a deduction today, but the payoff comes later. All the investment growth within the Roth account, plus qualified withdrawals in retirement, are 100% tax-free.
This is a huge advantage for professionals who expect to remain in a high tax bracket for the long haul. Paying a known tax rate today may be smarter than gambling on a potentially higher one in the future. By locking in today’s rates, you’re essentially creating a bucket of tax-free income that can be strategically drawn from in retirement—giving you far more control over your overall tax liability.
Compare that to a SEP IRA: while the SECURE Act 2.0 technically introduced Roth SEP IRAs, most custodians haven’t adopted the Roth option, and the rules around Roth SEP contributions remain murky and impractical for most investors. In contrast, Roth contributions in a Solo 401(k) are well-established, accessible, and easy to manage—especially with a modern provider.
For savvy investors, the Roth Solo 401(k) offers a unique combination of tax diversification, growth potential, and withdrawal flexibility that’s hard to beat. Whether you're aiming to minimize Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs) down the line, leave a tax-free legacy, or simply gain more control over your retirement income, the Roth Solo 401(k) gives you options that a SEP IRA simply can’t match.
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A Strategic Safety Net: The Power of a 401(k) Loan
One of the most underappreciated yet powerful features of the Solo 401(k) is its built-in loan provision, a benefit not available with SEP IRAs, traditional IRAs, or even most employer-sponsored retirement plans. For self-employed individuals and small business owners, this can be a game-changer.
With a Solo 401(k), you’re allowed to borrow up to $50,000 or 50% of your account balance (whichever is less), and you can use the funds for virtually any reason. Whether it’s covering a short-term cash crunch, seizing a time-sensitive business opportunity, putting money toward a home down payment, or managing an unexpected medical bill, the flexibility is unmatched.
Even better, you’re not borrowing from a bank or a third-party lender—you’re borrowing from yourself. And when you repay the loan, including a modest interest rate (typically the Prime Rate + 1–2%), the payments go back into your own Solo 401(k) account, not to a creditor. That means you're effectively paying yourself interest and reinvesting in your future.
Compare this to a SEP IRA: there is no loan option whatsoever. Any early distribution before age 59 ½ generally comes with a 10% IRS penalty plus ordinary income tax—a serious hit to your retirement savings. That lack of flexibility can leave SEP IRA holders without options in a financial pinch.
The Solo 401(k) loan provision acts as a built-in safety net—giving you peace of mind that your retirement plan can adapt when life throws you a curveball. It’s this kind of strategic control and liquidity that makes the Solo 401(k) an especially attractive choice for high-income, self-employed professionals.
Navigating Complexity: You Don't Have to Go It Alone
The immense power of the Solo 401(k) does come with slightly more administrative complexity than a SEP IRA. The most notable requirement is filing Form 5500-EZ annually once your plan's assets exceed $250,000. This is a legitimate concern for a busy professional whose focus should be on their business, not on navigating IRS compliance.
This is precisely where choosing the right partner is critical. A full-service Solo 401(k) provider like IRA Financial doesn't just set up your account; we act as your dedicated partner to ensure compliance and ease of use. We help you establish the plan, provide clear guidance on calculating your maximum contributions, and handle the annual Form 5500 filing on your behalf. We empower you to leverage this incredible tool with confidence, knowing the administrative details are being managed by experts.
The Verdict: Graduate from the SEP to the Solo 401(k)
The SEP IRA served you well when you were starting out. It was easy, low maintenance, and a step in the right direction. But you’re not just starting out anymore—you’ve built something. Your income is higher, your goals are more ambitious, and your expectations for your retirement plan should be too.
The Solo 401(k) isn’t just a different plan. It’s a smarter, more strategic tool for high earners who want to optimize their tax strategy, maximize retirement contributions, and retain control over their financial future. With higher contribution limits, Roth flexibility, and built-in loan access, the Solo 401(k) offers advantages that a SEP IRA simply can’t compete with. Yes, it comes with a bit more administrative responsibility, but with the right provider like IRA Financial, that complexity is managed for you, allowing you to focus on growing your business and wealth without missing a beat.
If your income has outgrown your SEP IRA, it’s time your retirement plan caught up. The Solo 401(k) gives you the tax advantages, investment flexibility, and liquidity you need to turn your high earnings into long-term financial freedom.
Your SEP IRA served you well, but your income and goals have outgrown it. A Solo 401(k) gives you higher contribution limits, Roth flexibility, and loan access—all with the guidance of a full-service provider.
Ready to level up? Your SEP IRA served you well, but your income and goals have outgrown it. A Solo 401(k) gives you higher contribution limits, Roth flexibility, and loan access—all with the guidance of a full-service provider. Schedule a call with our experts or sign up for a new account and unlock the full power of the Solo 401(k), because your future deserves more than the basics.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can I have a Solo 401(k) if I also have a 401(k) at a full-time W-2 job?
What is the deadline to open and fund a Solo 401(k) for the 2026 tax year?
How are contributions calculated if my business is an S-Corp?
What happens to my Solo 401(k) if I hire a full-time employee?
What is Form 5500-EZ and do I have to file it?
Pension Plan Rollovers to a Solo 401(k) Plan
Can I use my pension to fund a Solo 401(k)? Yes, you can fund a Solo 401(k) with your pension through a rollover. This transfer offers tax-deferred growth and more control over your investments. In this article, we’ll guide you through the rollover process, explore benefits, and discuss potential drawbacks.
- Rolling over a pension into a Solo 401(k) grants individuals greater control over their retirement funds.
- A Solo 401(k) offers broader investment options, including alternative assets like real estate and cryptocurrencies, which enhance retirement savings potential.
- The rollover process involves verifying eligibility, obtaining an EIN, selecting a plan provider, and carefully managing potential complexities and fees associated with the account.
Understanding Pension Rollovers
Pension plan rollovers allow individuals to take charge of their retirement funds. While pensions are usually linked to your employer, a Solo 401(k) is owned by the employee. Rolling over your pension can update your retirement approach, offering complete control over your investments and distributions.
Transferring assets from a traditional pension plan to a Solo 401(k) provides the flexibility and control associated with modern retirement plans.
What Is a Pension Rollover?
A pension rollover involves moving funds from a pension plan to another retirement account, such as a Solo 401(k). This tax-free transfer allows individuals to manage their investments and defer taxes until withdrawal. Steps include verifying eligibility, obtaining an EIN, selecting a plan provider, and starting the rollover.
This not only enhances your investment options, including self-directed investments like real estate and cryptocurrency, but also allows for larger contributions that are generally tax deductible, boosting your retirement savings potential.
Types of Pensions Eligible for Rollovers
Defined benefit plans are mainly eligible for rollovers. These traditional pensions, typically linked to long-term employment, can be rolled over into a Solo 401(k) upon plan termination. Employees usually choose between a lump sum payment or deferred annuity payments, and opting for a lump sum allows for rolling the funds into a more flexible retirement account like a Solo 401(k).
This option is beneficial for those seeking greater control over their investment choices and retirement strategy. Rolling over your pension transfers not just funds, but also the power to shape your financial future according to personal goals.
Benefits of Rolling Over a Pension to a Solo 401(k)
Rolling over your pension to a Solo 401(k) offers several benefits that can significantly enhance your retirement savings strategy. It provides tax-deferred growth until withdrawal and protects your retirement distribution from immediate taxation, avoiding additional tax penalties.
A Solo 401(k) plan, tailored for self-employed individuals, offers unique tax advantages that can significantly boost retirement funds. It also enables business owners to make substantial retirement contributions while benefiting from significant tax breaks.
Tax-Free Transfers
A key feature of rolling over a pension to a Solo 401(k) is the tax-free transfer option. A direct rollover lets the plan administrator transfer funds to another retirement account without tax withholding, provided the transfer is done correctly.
This allows you to move your retirement assets without immediate tax consequences, enabling tax-deferred growth until withdrawal.
Increased Investment Options
A Solo 401(k) provides a wider range of investment choices compared to traditional pensions, which often restrict you to specific mutual funds or predefined portfolios. It allows for alternative investments including real estate, cryptocurrencies, and private placements, giving the self-employed the flexibility to customize their retirement investments.
This broader range of investment options can significantly boost your ability to grow retirement funds according to your personal financial strategy.
Higher Contribution Limits
A key benefit of a Solo 401(k) is its higher contribution limits compared to other retirement plans. In 2026, the maximum contribution limit is $72,000 with a catch-up contribution if you are at least age 50, much higher than IRAs. This provides a significant advantage for maximizing retirement savings, as the Solo 401(k) allows for larger contributions from eligible compensation.
This higher limit compared to a SIMPLE IRA, or even the popular SEP IRA, makes the Solo 401(k) an excellent option for significantly boosting retirement funds.
Steps to Roll Over Your Pension Into a Solo 401(k)
Rolling over your pension into a Solo 401(k) involves careful planning. Following a structured approach ensures a smooth transition and maximizes the benefits of your new retirement plan. Most employer-sponsored retirement plans inform participants of their rollover options upon distribution.
Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you through the process.
Verify Eligibility Requirements
Start by verifying eligibility requirements. Solo 401(k) accounts are for individuals with income from self-employment or sole proprietorship, excluding employees except for a spouse. Self-employed individuals and their spouses can contribute, but other employees generally cannot, except spouses involved in the business.
This retirement account is mainly for sole proprietors and small businesses without employees other than a spouse. Meeting these employment qualifications is crucial, as it is a distinctive requirement for Solo 401(k) accounts.
Obtain an Employer Identification Number (EIN)
Obtaining an Employer Identification Number (EIN) is essential to enroll in a Solo 401(k). Visit the IRS website and complete the online application to get an EIN. This number is required for establishing your Solo 401(k) and for tax reporting purposes.
This straightforward process ensures your retirement plan is set up correctly and compliant with IRS regulations.
Choose a Plan Provider
Choosing the right plan provider is crucial for managing your Solo 401(k). Options include financial services companies, online brokerages, or investment firms offering Solo 401(k) plans. Select a provider that meets your needs and offers desired flexibility and investment options.
Creating a trust to hold funds is also required for effectively managing your Solo 401(k).
Initiate the Rollover Process
After choosing a plan provider, initiate the rollover process. Complete the necessary paperwork and work with both the old and new plan administrators for a smooth transfer of funds. Your broker or financial services company will provide the required documentation and guide you through the process.
If you haven’t already, apply online with the internal revenue service to obtain an EIN. This step is crucial for formally establishing your Solo 401(k) and ensuring compliance with tax regulations.
Following these steps will help you successfully roll over your pension into a Solo 401(k) and take control of your retirement savings.
Potential Drawbacks and Considerations
Although rolling over a pension into a Solo 401(k) offers many benefits, there are potential drawbacks and considerations to be aware of. Understanding these can help you make an informed decision and prepare for any challenges.
For instance, this retirement plan may not suit expanding businesses due to complex profit-sharing calculations. Eligible rollover distributions usually exclude required minimum distributions and hardship withdrawals.
Fees and Costs
Maintaining a Solo 401(k) can involve various fees and costs, including account maintenance fees, transaction fees, commissions, mutual fund expense ratios, and sales loads. While opening a Solo 401(k) is free, these ongoing fees can accumulate over time. Considering these costs is important when planning your retirement strategy, as they can affect overall investment returns.
Awareness of these fees and costs enables informed decisions and helps in choosing a plan provider offering competitive rates. Understanding the fee structure also optimizes retirement funds and maximizes savings potential.
Complexity of Management
Managing a Solo 401(k) requires careful financial planning and investment oversight. Unlike traditional pensions, it demands more active involvement in managing investments, ensuring IRS compliance, and tracking contributions and distributions.
This complexity can be challenging, particularly for those unfamiliar with financial planning and investment management.
Impact on Retirement Age
The timing of rolling over a pension can significantly impact the retirement benefits received at retirement. Delayed rollovers can reduce total retirement savings. Therefore, carefully consider the timing to align with your retirement goals and maximize benefits.
Comparing Solo 401(k) With Other Retirement Plans
Comparing different retirement plans can help determine which option best suits your needs and financial goals. Rolling over a pension to a Solo 401(k) enhances investment control, allowing for personalized decisions. The Solo 401(k) facilitates both employee and employer contributions, maximizing potential savings.
Contribution limits for a Solo 401(k) are significantly higher than regular IRAs, enabling larger retirement savings. The Solo 401(k) also offers both Roth and traditional contribution options, providing tax diversification.
Solo 401(k) vs. SEP IRA
When comparing a Solo 401(k) to a SEP IRA, consider the differences in contribution limits and flexibility. Contributions to a Solo 401(k) can be up to 100 percent of income as an employee contribution, while a SEP IRA limits contributions to 25 percent. Additionally, the SEP IRA requires equal contribution percentages for all eligible employees, whereas the Solo 401(k) can be tailored for a sole owner.
Both retirement account types offer varied investment options and different levels of administrative responsibilities.
Solo 401(k) vs. SIMPLE IRA
Comparing a Solo 401(k) to a SIMPLE IRA reveals significant differences in contribution limits and ease of management. The maximum contribution limit for a SIMPLE IRA in 2026 is up to $17,000, significantly lower than that of a Solo 401(k), making the latter more advantageous for maximizing retirement savings.
For those aged 50 and older, a SIMPLE IRA allows an additional $4,000 in contributions for 2026. However, the Solo 401(k) offers more generous catch-up contribution limits, providing a greater opportunity for older individuals to boost their retirement savings.
The Solo 401(k) also offers more flexibility in investment options and plan management, making it more attractive for self-employed individuals and small business owners.
Maximizing Your Retirement Savings With a Solo 401(k)
Maximizing your retirement savings with a Solo 401(k) involves taking advantage of various contribution options and regularly reviewing your investment strategy. Self-employed individuals must ensure that their combined contributions to the Solo 401(k) and any other retirement plans do not exceed IRS annual limits.
The dual contribution structure of the Solo 401(k) allows individuals to contribute both as an employee and employer, significantly boosting their retirement savings.
Utilizing Catch-Up Contributions
Individuals aged 50 and above can maximize their retirement savings by utilizing catch-up contributions. These contributions allow older individuals to increase their annual contribution limits, enhancing their total savings potential. For 2026, the catch-up contribution limit for a Solo 401(k) is $8,000. Further, if you are between the ages of 60 and 63, that amount is increased to $11,250 thanks to the SECURE Act 2.0.
Unlike a SIMPLE IRA, which does not allow catch-up contributions, the Solo 401(k) offers this valuable opportunity for older investors to bolster their retirement funds.
Profit Sharing Contributions
Profit-sharing contributions in a Solo 401(k) can be another powerful tool to boost your retirement savings. These contributions can be made by the employer, providing an additional source of retirement funds alongside regular employee contributions. Profit-sharing contributions can be made in addition to elective salary deferrals, offering flexibility in annual contributions.
This flexibility allows business owners to enhance their retirement savings significantly and adjust their contributions based on the profitability of their business. By utilizing profit-sharing contributions, you can maximize your retirement savings while taking advantage of the tax benefits associated with these contributions.
Regular Review and Adjustment
Regularly reviewing and adjusting your Solo 401(k) investments is crucial for ensuring alignment with your retirement goals and adapting to changing financial markets. By consistently evaluating your investment performance, you can make informed decisions that help maximize returns and mitigate risks.
This proactive approach ensures that your retirement strategy remains effective and aligned with your long-term financial objectives.
Summary
Rolling over your pension into a Solo 401(k) can provide significant benefits, including tax-free transfers, increased investment options, and higher contribution limits. By following a structured approach and understanding the potential drawbacks, you can make informed decisions that enhance your retirement savings. Comparing Solo 401(k) plans with other retirement options, such as SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs, highlights the advantages of choosing a Solo 401(k) for self-employed individuals and small business owners. With careful planning and regular reviews, a Solo 401(k) can be a powerful tool for securing your financial future.
Unlock Greater Control Over Your Retirement Funds
Rolling over your pension into a Solo 401(k) offers enhanced investment flexibility, including options like real estate and cryptocurrency. Take charge of your retirement strategy today.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I roll over my pension into a Solo 401(k) without paying taxes?
What types of pensions can be rolled over into a Solo 401(k)?
What are the contribution limits for a Solo 401(k) in 2026?
How does a Solo 401(k) compare to a SEP IRA?
Can I Invest My IRA in a Business I Work For? IRS Rules You Must Know
Working at a company you believe in is truly important. Being able to go to work every day and feel like you are contributing to a growing business is incredibly rewarding. Naturally, many people begin to ask: can I invest my IRA in a business I work for? When done correctly, using a Roth IRA or pre-tax IRA to invest in a business can offer powerful tax advantages and long-term financial benefits.
Before answering whether you can invest your IRA in a business you work for, it is essential to understand the IRS prohibited transaction rules. These rules define what your IRA can and cannot invest in and play a critical role in determining whether this type of investment is allowed.
- Investing IRA funds in a business can help build your retirement savings
- Make sure you are aware of the Prohibited Transaction Rules
- Ownership, size of the business and reason for investing are important
Pursuant to Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 4975, an IRA is prohibited from engaging in certain types of transactions. The types of prohibited transactions can be best understood by dividing them into two categories: Direct Prohibited Transactions and Self-Dealing/Conflict of Interest Prohibited Transactions.
Direct Prohibited Transaction
A direct prohibited transaction, which can be found under IRC Section 4975(c)(1)(a), (b), (c) identifies transactions that directly involves the IRA owner and any “disqualified person” in a sale, exchange, lease, service arrangement or any direct financial transaction. Some examples of direct prohibited transaction are: (i) renting a home owned by your IRA to your parents, (ii) lending IRA money to your kids, or (iii) serving as the real estate agent for your IRA real estate investment.
The definition of a “disqualified person” (Internal Revenue Code Section 4975(e)(2)) extends into a variety of related party scenarios, but generally includes the IRA holder, any ancestors or lineal descendants of the IRA holder, and entities in which the IRA holder holds a controlling equity or management interest. Therefore, you cannot make an investment with a parent, child, their spouses or entities held by such. It is however acceptable to transact with other family members, such as siblings, aunts, uncles and cousins.
Self-Dealing/Conflict of Interest Prohibited Transaction
Unlike a direct prohibited transaction which involves a direct financial relationship between the IRA and a “disqualified person,” a self-dealing/conflict of interest prohibited transaction is more indirect and generally has a bit more grey in its application. For example, the IRA holder uses his retirement account funds to loan money to a company in which he manages and controls but owns a small ownership interest in. In this case, the IRA owner owns less than 50% of the entity so that the entity is not a “disqualified person” on its face. However, if the IRA investment was done for any reason other than to exclusively benefit the IRA owner, then the self-dealing/conflict of interest prohibited transaction rules could kick in and taint the transaction.
Now that we have spent some time highlighting the key rules involved in the prohibited transaction rules under IRC 4975, let’s now examine the scenario of an employee using their IRA to buy stock of membership interests in a business they work for. Below is a list of questions, one should consider before making such an investment:
- Ownership in Business
- Size of Business
- Reason for Investment
Ownership in Business
As per IRC 4975, it is clear that one cannot invest one’s IRA in a business that he or she or any other “disqualified person” owns in the aggregate greater than 50% of the business. On the other hand, the analysis gets more complex if the IRA owner owns a minority interest in the business. In such a case, would the IRA investment in the business trigger a prohibited transaction? Unfortunately, there is no exact answer. The answer typically depends on the facts and circumstances involved. For example, if the business was in dire need of the funds and without the IRA investment, the IRA owner would have lost his or her job, this would be a bad fact that could cause the IRS to argue that the IRA investment was not done to exclusively benefit the IRA, but was done to personally benefit the IRA owner. Clearly, the less ownership the IRA owner has in the business prior to the IRA investment the cleaner the IRA investment will be from a prohibited transaction standpoint. For example, if the IRA owner was just an employee or executive and had no prior ownership in the business, assuming the IRA investment was being done to 100% benefit the IRA, the investment would likely not violate the IRS prohibited transaction rules.
Some people point to the fact that the “disqualified person” rules describe a ten percent owner, officer, director, or highly compensated employee of a corporation as a “disqualified person,” but those rules only kick in if the IRA owner or another “disqualified person” owns more than 50% of the entity.
Size of Business
The size of the business the IRA owner works at makes a difference. In general, if the business is publicly traded there is basically zero risk that an IRA investment would trigger a prohibited transaction. Whereas, if the business is closely held by less than five owners, an IRA investment would probably require more scrutiny since it would likely have a greater impact on the business and could potentially directly or indirectly personally impact the IRA owner.
In the case of closely held businesses, if you are seeking to invest your IRA funds in the business and you are an employee or executive, make sure your IRA ownership is under 50%. Furthermore, even an IRA ownership of less than 50% can still potentially trigger the IRS prohibited transactions if the IRS can argue that the IRA investment was made in some way to directly or indirectly benefit the IRA owner or any “disqualified person.” In other word, it is crucial that the IRA owner can show that the IRA investment was made to exclusively benefit the IRA.
For example, the company did not need the IRA investment to continue operations or pay the IRA owner’s salary. Unfortunately, anytime you invest IRA funds in any closely held business in which the IRA holder or a “disqualified person” is personally involved, there is always a sliver of risk that the IRS could argue prohibited transaction. The degree of risks is based on various facts and circumstances, such as the size of the business and the reason for making the IRA investment.
Reason for Making the IRA Investment
The reason that the IRA makes the investment into the business is probably the most important fact that could determine whether the IRA transaction violates the IRS prohibited transaction rules. The IRS prohibited transaction rules are clear that the IRA investment must be made to exclusively benefit the IRA and not benefit the IRA owner or any “disqualified person” in any way, directly or indirectly. Hence, so long as the IRA owner does not personally own greater than 50% of the company stock including the IRA ownership and the ownership of any “disqualified person,” if the reason behind the IRA business investment was not done in any way that personally benefits the IRA owner or any “disqualified person” then the investment would likely not be deemed a prohibited transaction. However, if the IRS could argue that the IRA made the investment to help the IRA holder or any “disqualified person” personally, even if the IRA would also benefit form the transaction, the the IRS would likely be able to argue prohibited transaction under IRC 4975.
The Rollins Case
The Rollins case (Rollins v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 2004-60) is a great example for how the IRS could use the reason for the investment as a basis for a prohibited transaction attack. Rollins owned his own CPA firm. He was the sole owner. The firm had a 401(k) plan for which Rollins was the sole trustee and plan administrator. Rollins caused the plan to lend funds to three companies, and in each of which he was the largest (9% to 33%), but not controlling, stockholder. Moreover, in one of the companies he was also an officer. Rollins signed the loan checks for the plan. In addition, Rollins made decision for each company to borrow from 401(k) plan and signed the promissory notes on each company’s behalf. The loans were demand loans, secured by each company's assets. The interest rate was market rate or higher. All loans repaid in full, although in one company’s case Rollins made some of the loan payments on the company’s behalf intending to be repaid when that company’s business (a golf club) was sold.
The IRS maintained that the plan loans were prohibited transactions under Code Section 4975(c)(1)(D) (transfer or use of plan assets by or for the benefit of a disqualified person) and Code Section 4975(c)(1)(E) (dealing with plan assets for the fiduciary's own interest). Rollins stated that, although he himself was a disqualified person (under both 4975(e)(2)(A) as the 401(k)’s fiduciary and (e)(2)(E) as the sole owner of the CPA firm), the borrowers were not disqualified persons and therefore no prohibited transactions occurred as there were no transactions between the 401k and a disqualified person.
The Tax Court agreed with the IRS and stated that Mr. Rollins had the burden to prove that the transaction did not enhance or were not intended to enhance the value of his investments in the borrowers. That seems to be a very tough burden to meet, and moreover, as the Court noted, the fact that a transaction is a good investment for the plan has nothing to do with it. As such, caution should be exercised whenever a disqualified person is sitting “on both sides of the table.”
Helpful Tips
I know these rules can be confusing. Unfortunately, there is not much IRS guidance on the application of the prohibited transaction rules in these type of business investments. However, based on available case law, below are some tips to help protect your IRA business investment against IRS attack:
- Make sure the overall ownership of the business, including the IRA and personal ownership of the IRA owner and any “disqualified person,” is below 50%.
- The IRA investment in the business must exclusively benefit the IRA. That means – 100% - no personal benefit either directly or indirectly.
- If you are just an employee or executive with no personal ownership in the business and the IRA investment is being done to 100% benefit the IRA, it will be hard for the IRS to prove prohibited transaction
- Size matters - The smaller the business, the greater the risk. Greater chance the IRS could argue that the IRA investment was done to personally benefit the IRA owner. Whereas, it would seemingly be much harder to make that argument in a large company, such as a public company.
- Amount of the IRA investment could matter - The larger the IRA investment, the easier it could be for the IRS to argue that the investment was material to personally helping the IRA owner or a “disqualified person.”
- Facts matter - The Rollins case is a good example that facts matter. The fact that Mr. Rollins made the loan to help the company he owned personally which was in financial turmoil was the fact that ended up being used by the IRS to argue prohibited transaction. Whereas, if Mr. Rollins was able to prove that the company was not in dire need of the funds and the funds were available from other sources, he probably would have had a better chance in defending the retirement account business loans.
- Beware of the Unrelated Business Taxable Income (UBTI) rules - If your IRA will be making an investment into a business operating through a passthough entity, such as an LLC, the UBTI tax can impose a tax of up to 37% on the passthrough income allocated to the IRA. Note – the UBTI tax does not apply to IRA investments into corporations.
Conclusion
In sum, other than in a public company setting, anytime your IRA invests in a closely held business that you or a “disqualified person” are personally involved, you are opening the door to a potential IRS attack under the prohibited transaction rules. The facts and circumstances will determine how successful you can defend an IRS inquiry. Of course, staying under 50% of the business ownership is key and having facts that show that the IRA investment was made to exclusively benefit the IRA will be important to help show that the IRA investment should not be deemed a prohibited transaction.
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How Does ROBS Work?
A Rollover Business Startup (ROBS) arrangement allows you to use retirement funds, tax and penalty free, to finance a new or existing business. If you’ve ever wondered “How Does ROBS Work?”, the structure generally involves rolling over funds from an IRA or former employer 401(k) into a newly created 401(k) plan that is sponsored by a C Corporation. The funds are deposited in the C Corporation bank account and are available for use for business purposes.
How Does the ROBS 401(k) Solution Work?
The following is how a typical ROBS structure works:
Here is a straightforward look at how a typical ROBS structure is set up:
- Form a C Corporation
An entrepreneur, Jim, forms a new C Corporation in the state where the business will operate. - Why a C Corporation?
The IRS exemption that makes ROBS possible applies only to corporate stock. LLCs and S Corporations do not meet this requirement, and S Corporations cannot have a 401(k) plan as a shareholder. - The C Corporation Adopts a 401(k) Plan
The new Corporation adopts a 401(k) plan that allows participants, including Jim, to invest their accounts into various options, including employer stock. - Roll Over Prior Retirement Funds
Jim elects to participate in the plan and rolls over his previous 401(k) or IRA funds into the new 401(k). - The Plan Purchases Corporate Stock
Jim directs the 401(k) plan to purchase newly issued stock in the Corporation at fair market value. The amount purchased reflects the amount he wants to invest in the business. - Personal Capital Requirement
Jim contributes at least 1 percent of the purchase price personally. This step ensures the structure is not treated as an ESOP. - Funds Become Available to the Business
The Corporation deposits the proceeds, which include rollover funds and Jim’s personal contribution, into a business bank account. The business can then use the funds for legitimate business expenses. - Operating the Business
Jim can work in the business, earn a salary based on business revenue, and personally guarantee loans. These activities are not allowed when using a Self-Directed IRA
Learn More: ROBS 401(k) Frequently Asked Questions
Legal Foundation for the ROBS 401k Solution
The ability to use retirement funds for business financing relies on exemptions under IRC Section 4975(d) and ERISA Section 408(e). These exemptions allow 401(k) plans to invest in employer securities without triggering prohibited transaction rules when the structure is set up correctly.
ERISA 408(e) protects routine corporate activities involving employer securities. Without this exemption, many ordinary business transactions by a plan sponsor could be treated as technical violations. Congress designed the rule to allow flexibility for employer securities in retirement plans.
Congress has also encouraged employer stock investments in 401(k) plans, within limits. Many major corporate plans, including Apple and Pepsi, include employer stock as part of their investment lineup.
Learn More About ROBS 401k
Adam Bergman, founder of IRA Financial, explains how the ROBS structure works and how it can be used to generate tax free dividends. In this episode of AdBits, Adam discusses how entrepreneurs can use retirement funds to invest in their own business, avoid double taxation, and build a more efficient financial strategy. Watch the full video below.
How About a Self-Directed IRA to Buy a Business?
Although ROBS is technically a form of self-directed retirement strategy, it is very different from using a Self-Directed IRA LLC to acquire or run a business.
With IRA Financial’s ROBS strategy, the new business can:
- Borrow from third parties
- Pay salaries to employees, including owners who participate in the plan
- Engage in routine business transactions with disqualified persons
- Allow owners to personally guarantee business loans
By comparison, a Self-Directed IRA LLC has clear restrictions. You cannot:
- Work in the business
- Earn a salary
- Personally guarantee loans
- Engage in transactions with disqualified persons
For these reasons, a Self-Directed IRA cannot be used to run an active business without triggering prohibited transaction rules.
Get in Touch
At IRA Financial, we help entrepreneurs use their retirement funds to launch or expand a business using the ROBS solution while staying fully compliant with IRS and ERISA rules. If you are ready to move forward or want to learn more about how the structure works, call us at 800.472.1043 or schedule a consultation with one of our specialists.
IRA Financial vs Inspira Financial
When it comes to self-directed retirement investing, IRA Financial and Inspira Financial (formerly Millennium Trust Company) take very different approaches. Inspira operates as a large-scale custodian focused on traditional oversight and compliance, while IRA Financial is designed for investors who want more hands-on control through a flexible, technology-driven platform. Here’s how they stack up in cost, investment options, technology, and overall value.
In this comparison, we’ll break down how the two companies stack up across key categories — including account options, fees, investment flexibility, and reputation — to help you decide which one fits your goals best.
Pricing & Fees: Transparent, Flat, and Investor-Friendly
Fees can make or break your long-term returns. IRA Financial and Inspira Financial both charge administrative costs, but their structures are fundamentally different. IRA Financial offers flat, predictable pricing, while Inspira Financial relies on asset-based and transaction fees that can grow along with your portfolio.
IRA Financial | Inspira Financial | |
Setup Fee | $0 | $0 |
Annual Fee | $495 | $750 |
Asset Value Fee | $0 | $0 |
Investment Fee | $0 | $0 |
Roth Conversion Fee | $0 | $50 |
1 Year Total Cost | $495 | $750 |
5 Year Total Cost | $2,475 | $3,750 |
Pricing pulled from company website, as of the article publish date, and based on 4 investments with a $200K total balance.
IRA Financial:
- Simple flat-fee structure starting at $495/year for Self-Directed IRAs, with other plans starting at $100 annually.
- No setup fee for custodian-controlled plans, and only a one-time establishment fee for Checkbook IRA or similar structures.
- No asset-based or transaction fees, regardless of account value
- The IRAfi Crypto platform features low crypto trading fees through the IRA Financial app
Inspira Financial:
- Annual fees vary depending on account balance and number of assets held (starting at $350/year for one alt. investment)
- Offers a starter account for $250 annually (less than $20k market value)
- Charges for transactions, asset valuations, and investment reviews
- Additional custody or storage fees for certain alternative investments
- Complex pricing structure that can increase as your account grows
Summary
Inspira’s experience as a large-scale custodian comes with a layered fee schedule that can be tough to forecast. IRA Financial’s transparent, flat-fee approach keeps things simple, predictable, and cost-effective for both small and large investors.
Winner: IRA Financial
IRA Financial wins for its flat, transparent pricing—ideal for investors who don’t want rising fees as their portfolio expands.
Winner: IRA Financial
IRA Financial wins for its flat, transparent pricing—ideal for investors who don’t want rising fees as their portfolio expands.
Investment Flexibility & Product Options
Both IRA Financial and Inspira Financial let clients move beyond traditional investments, but they differ greatly in how investors access and control those assets. Inspira offers a strong custodial model, while IRA Financial provides true Checkbook Control and direct investing power.
IRA Financial | Inspira Financial | |
Self-Directed IRA | ||
Solo 401(k) | ||
Checkbook Control | ||
ROBS Structure | ||
Crypto Platform |
IRA Financial:
- Access to real estate, private placements, precious metals, and cryptocurrency and more investments
- Offers Checkbook Control for fast, self-managed investments
- Ability to invest through LLCs or trusts
- Supports Solo 401(k) and ROBS business funding options
- Designed for investors who want speed, control, and freedom
Inspira Financial:
- Wide range of alternative investments, including real estate, hedge funds, and private equity
- Custodian-based structure—all investments must be processed and approved through Inspira
- No Checkbook Control, limiting investor autonomy
- May have slower transaction times due to document and review requirements
Summary
Inspira offers an impressive list of investment options but requires custodial approval for every transaction. IRA Financial gives investors true independence through Checkbook Control, allowing quicker action and greater flexibility.
Winner: IRA Financial.
With Checkbook Control and open architecture, IRA Financial offers more freedom for investors who prefer to manage their own deals.
Winner: IRA Financial.
With Checkbook Control and open architecture, IRA Financial offers more freedom for investors who prefer to manage their own deals.
Technology: Built for the Modern Investor
Today’s investors expect fast, seamless account management. IRA Financial’s technology-first approach delivers that with an integrated mobile app, while Inspira’s tools are built around traditional custodial workflows.
IRA Financial:
- All-in-one app to open accounts, fund, invest, and manage your retirement plan.
- Integrated dashboard for all investment types, including crypto and real estate
- Secure document upload, funding, and digital signatures
- Streamlined tools for crypto, transfers, and checkbook control in one place
- Real-time account tracking and transparency
Inspira Financial:
- Online account portal for clients and advisors
- Primarily focused on administrative tasks and reporting
- Limited functionality for direct investing or digital transactions
- More dependent on manual document processing and support requests
Summary
Inspira’s platform supports reliable account management but lacks the modern, investor-facing tools that make the process efficient. IRA Financial’s app-based system offers convenience, control, and speed—ideal for hands-on investors.
Winner: IRA Financial.
IRA Financial stands out for its integrated mobile platform, providing real-time access and digital management that Inspira’s traditional interface can’t match.
Winner: IRA Financial.
IRA Financial stands out for its integrated mobile platform, providing real-time access and digital management that Inspira’s traditional interface can’t match.
Reputation & Customer Reviews: Trusted by Thousands
Both IRA Financial and Inspira Financial have built strong reputations for serving investors nationwide. Inspira’s long-standing experience as a large custodian adds credibility, while IRA Financial stands out for its innovation, customer education, and accessibility.
IRA Financial | Inspira Financial | |
Trustpilot | 4.8 / 5 | 3.8 / 5 |
4.8 / 5 | 4.1 / 5 | |
Other Platforms | 4.8 / 5 | 1.1/ 5 |
IRA Financial:
- Over 24,000 clients nationwide, managing $4+ billion in assets
- Backed by 3,000+ 5-star reviews across Google, Trustpilot, and other platforms.
- Known for educational resources, personal service, and innovation
- Frequently featured in media for leadership in self-directed retirement
- Founded by tax attorney Adam Bergman, a leader in the self-directed space
Inspira Financial:
- Formerly Millennium Trust, with decades of custodial experience
- Large client base and strong institutional partnerships
- Some client feedback mentions slow turnaround times for investment approvals and communication
Summary
Both companies are respected, but IRA Financial has earned its reputation as a more modern, client-focused provider, while Inspira’s size and structure can make service feel less personal.
Winner: IRA Financial
IRA Financial’s proactive client education and responsive service give it the edge over Inspira’s traditional custodial approach.
Winner: IRA Financial
IRA Financial’s proactive client education and responsive service give it the edge over Inspira’s traditional custodial approach.
The Bottom Line: Why IRA Financial Is the Smarter Choice
Inspira Financial is a trusted name in custodial retirement services, offering extensive experience and a broad investment menu. However, IRA Financial delivers something different: greater freedom, lower costs, and a modern platform designed for investors who want full control over their retirement future.
Why Choose IRA Financial
- Flat, transparent pricing—no asset-based fees
- Full Checkbook Control for self-managed investing
- Mobile app for fast account setup and crypto trading
- Dedicated support and ongoing educational content
Why Choose Inspira Financial
- Decades of experience as a large custodial administrator
- Strong institutional infrastructure and compliance systems
- Suitable for investors who prefer a traditional, managed process
Final Verdict:
Inspira Financial offers a solid foundation for traditional custodial IRAs, but IRA Financial’s flat pricing, Checkbook Control, and technology-driven platform make it the smarter choice for today’s self-directed investor.
IRA Financial wins for giving investors what Inspira doesn’t: true control, simplicity, and transparency in one streamlined platform.
Take Action:
Choose what’s best for your future:
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Self-Directed IRA Contribution Limits
If you’re looking to take control of your retirement investments, understanding Self-Directed IRA contribution limits is essential. A Self-Directed IRA (SDIRA) allows you to diversify beyond traditional stocks and bonds into assets such as real estate, private businesses, precious metals, and more. However, like any IRA, the IRS sets annual contribution limits, and staying within these limits ensures your account remains compliant and tax advantaged.
For 2026, the IRS increased IRA contribution limits to reflect cost-of-living adjustments:
- $7,500 if you’re under age 50
- $8,600 if you’re age 50 or older (which includes the now COLA-adjusted $1,100 catch-up contribution)
Understanding these limits and how they interact with deductions, Roth income thresholds, and workplace plan coverage is key to maximizing your tax benefits and long-term retirement strategy.
Key Takeaways
- 2026 Self-Directed IRA contribution limit: $7,500 (under 50) and $8,600 (age 50+).
- No income limits to contribute to a Self-Directed IRA (traditional).
- Contributions must go through your custodian, not directly to an IRA LLC.
- SECURE 2.0 increased the IRA catch-up contribution limit annually beginning in 2024, allowing the jump to $1,100 for 2026.
Understanding Self-Directed IRA Contributions
A Self-Directed IRA contribution is the money you deposit into your IRA each year to fund your retirement. You can contribute to a Self-Directed traditional or Roth IRA, depending on your income level, tax strategy, and eligibility. When you contribute to a Self-Directed IRA, the funds are first sent to your custodian or administrator. Once the contribution is made, you can use your IRA to invest in a wide range of assets allowed by the IRS, from private companies to real estate.
The SECURE Act of 2019 eliminated the age cap on traditional IRA contributions. That means you can now continue contributing to your Self-Directed IRA even after age 73, as long as you have earned income.
Tip: If you’re self-employed or a small business owner, you may also consider a Self-Directed SEP IRA or Solo 401(k) for higher contribution potential.
Why the IRS Sets IRA Contribution Limits
You might wonder why the IRS restricts how much you can contribute to a Self-Directed IRA each year. The main reason is to limit how much income can receive preferential tax treatment. IRA contribution caps help balance the tax advantages between retirement savers and ensure fairness across income levels.
These limits also encourage long-term savings rather than large, one-time tax shelters. The IRS adjusts these limits periodically to reflect cost-of-living increases, though the 2025 IRA contribution limits remain unchanged from 2024.
Contributing Less Than the Maximum
You’re not required to contribute the full annual limit. Whether you add $500 or $7,500, your money still grows tax-deferred (traditional IRA) or tax-free (Roth IRA). However, if you contribute less than the maximum, you cannot make up the difference in the following tax year.
For example, if you contribute $4,000 in 2026 and skip the remaining $3,500, you can’t add that unused amount in 2027. Each year’s limit is independent.
Learn More: What are Alternative Assets?
Roth IRA Income Limits for 2026
While Self-Directed Roth IRAs have the same contribution caps as traditional IRAs, eligibility is based on income.
- Single filers: Full contributions allowed for incomes under $153,000; phased out between $153,000–$168,000.
- Married filing jointly: Full contributions under $224,000; phased out between $224,000–$252,000.
If your income exceeds the phase-out range, you can’t contribute directly to a Roth IRA. However, many investors use a Roth conversion (or “Backdoor Roth”) to move funds from a traditional Self-Directed IRA into a Roth IRA, allowing tax-free growth later on.
Related: Traditional vs. Roth IRA: What's Best for You?
Spousal Contributions and Joint Returns
If only one spouse earns income, both can still contribute to individual IRAs by filing a joint tax return. This is called a Spousal IRA contribution.
Your combined contributions cannot exceed your total taxable compensation for the year or the combined annual limits. In other words, even if one spouse has no earnings, both can fund their IRAs up to the $7,500 or $8,600 limit each, provided there’s enough earned income reported on the joint return.
Contributing When You Have a Work Retirement Plan
You can contribute to a Self-Directed IRA even if you already participate in an employer-sponsored plan such as a 401(k) or SIMPLE IRA. However, your ability to deduct contributions to a traditional IRA may be limited depending on your income.
For 2026, if you’re covered by a workplace plan, your deduction phase-out ranges are:
- Single filers: $81,000–$91,000
- Married filing jointly (contributing spouse covered): $129,000–$149,000
- If you’re not covered but your spouse is: $242,000–$252,000
Even if you don’t qualify for a full deduction, contributing to a Self-Directed IRA still gives you access to alternative investments.
Learn more: How to Open a Self-Directed IRA LLC
Conclusion
Navigating the contribution limits of Self-Directed IRAs is crucial for maximizing your retirement savings. For 2026, individuals under 50 can contribute up to $7,500, while those 50 and older can contribute up to $8,600, thanks to the $1,100 catch-up provision. It’s important to note that these limits apply across all your IRAs combined.
Additionally, there are no income restrictions for establishing a Self-Directed IRA, offering greater flexibility in retirement planning. However, contributions must be made directly to the IRA custodian and not to your LLC. Remember, if you contribute less than the maximum, you cannot make up the difference in the following tax year. By understanding and adhering to these limits, you can effectively leverage your Self-Directed IRA to build a diverse and robust retirement portfolio.
Maximize Your Retirement Savings with a Self-Directed IRA
Understanding the contribution limits for your Self-Directed IRA is crucial to optimizing your retirement strategy. Whether you're under 50 or 50 and over, our experts can guide you through the contribution process to ensure you're making the most of your retirement plan.
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